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Citing Generative A.I.

This guide provides guidance and examples of how to cite generative A.I. tools like ChatGPT in widely used citation styles.

Guide overview

This guide collects guidance from major style guides on how to cite generative A.I. tools, with a focus on ChatGPT. The guidance can, as a rule, be generalized to other generative A.I. tools as well. Note that different courses have different policies around the permissibility of using these tools and that both tools themselves and guidance around using and citing them are rapidly developing. 

AMA (American Medical Association)

Per updates effective February 23, 2023 JAMA Network has updated their Ethical and Legal Considerations to include the use of Artificial Intelligence and Language Models. These summarize the policy against including writing technologies/tools as authors.

5.1.12 Use of Artificial Intelligence and Language Models

Nonhuman artificial intelligence, language models, machine learning, or similar technologies cannot be listed as authors because these technologies do not qualify for authorship. If these models or tools are used to create content or assist with writing or manuscript preparation, authors must take responsibility for the integrity of the content generated by these tools. Authors should report the use of artificial intelligence, language models, machine learning, or similar technologies to create content or assist with writing or editing of manuscripts in the Acknowledgment section or Methods section if this is part of formal research design or methods. See also 5.2.1.1 Acknowledgment of Use of Artificial Intelligence and Language Models in Writing and Editing.

5.2.1.1 Acknowledgment of Use of Artificial Intelligence and Language Models in Writing and Editing

Authors should report the use of artificial intelligence, language models, machine learning, or similar technologies to create content or assist with writing or editing of manuscripts in the Acknowledgment section or the Methods section if this is part of formal research design or methods.11 This should include a description of the content that was created or edited and the name of the language model or tool, version and extension numbers, and manufacturer. (Note: this does not include basic tools for checking grammar, spelling, references, etc.) See also 5.1.12, Authorship Responsibility, Use of Artificial Intelligence and Language Models.

APA (American Psychological Association)

The APA recommends describing your use of any generative A.I. tools in the methods section of your paper, or a comparable section, such as the introduction, and optionally including its full response in an appendix. The recommended format for in-text citations and references is the one used for citing software in section 10.10 of the Publication Manual  (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10).

         Example reference list entry for ChatGPT (software):

          OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

          Example in-text citation for ChatGPT:

  • Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
  • Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

    The year (2023) is the year of the software release, not the year you used it. Note that your prompt to ChatGPT and its response are not included in the citation because the APA recommends including them in the text of your paper, or in an appendix.


    Reference

    American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

     

Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style recommends simply acknowledging the A.I. tool in your text in most cases. If a more formal citation is required for coursework or publication, the A.I. tool can be cited in a numbered footnote or endnote:

    1. Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, September 15, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat.

  The prompt to the A.I. tool should be included either in the text or in the note, for example:
    1. ChatGPT, response to “Write a song about cats in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan,” OpenAI, September 15, 2023.

Note that the A.I. tool is treated as an author for formatting purposes, and the date used is when the content was generated.

MLA Style (Modern Language Association)

The MLA uses a template of core elements, with the following recommendations for citing generative A.I. tools:

"Author
We do not recommend treating the AI tool as an author. This recommendation follows the policies developed by various publishers, including the MLA’s journal PMLA.

Title of Source
Describe what was generated by the AI tool. This may involve including information about the prompt in the Title of Source element if you have not done so in the text.

Title of Container
Use the Title of Container element to name the AI tool (e.g., ChatGPT).

Version
Name the version of the AI tool as specifically as possible. For example, the examples in this post were developed using ChatGPT 3.5, which assigns a specific date to the version, so the Version element shows this version date.

Publisher
Name the company that made the tool.

Date
Give the date the content was generated.

Location
Give the general URL for the tool." (“How Do I Cite Generative AI in MLA Style?”)

Reference:

“How Do I Cite Generative AI in MLA Style?” MLA Style Center, 17 Mar. 2023, https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/.